Eiffel Tower

Eiffel Tower (French: Tour Eiffel, / tuʀ ɛfɛl /) is an iron tower built on the Champ de Mars at the edge of the River Seine in Paris. This tower has become a global icon of France and one of the world famous structure.

Named after its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in Paris and one of the world famous structure. More than 200,000,000 people have visited the tower since its construction in 1889, including 6,719,200 people in 2006, makes the monument cost the most visited in the world. Including the antenna height 24 m (79 ft), this structure has a height 325 m (1063 ft) since 2000, the same as conventional building storey 81.
Eiffel Tower in October 2007

When the tower was completed in 1889, this structure became the tallest in the world - a title it retained until 1930 when the Chrysler Building in New York City (319 m - 1047 feet) completed. [6] The tower is now the fifth-tallest in France and the highest in Paris, with the second highest structure of the Tour Montparnasse (210 m - 689 ft), although it would be surpassed by Tour AXA (225.11 m - 738.36 ft).

The metal structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7300 tons while the entire structure including non-metal components weighs 10,000 tons. Depending on temperature, away from the spire of the sun can be 18 centimeters (7 inches) due to thermal expansion of metal on the side facing the sun. The tower also sways 6-7 cm (2-3 inches) in the wind. As a demonstration of the economy of the building, when 7300 tons of metal structure were melted, it would fill 125 square meters with a depth of 6 cm (2:36 inches), which mean density of 7.8 tonnes of iron per cubic meter. The tower has a mass less than the mass of air in the cylinder with the same dimensions, as high as 324 meters and 88.3 radius. The weight of the tower is 10,100 tonnes compared to 10,265 tons of air.

The first and second levels are accessible by stairs and elevator. A ticket booth at the south tower to sell tickets to the stairs which begin at that location. On the first platform the stairs continue up from the east tower and the third level summit is only accessible by elevator. From the first or second platform the stairs open to all people who rise and fall depending on if they had bought tickets or tickets elevator stairs. Number 9 steps to the ticket counter at the bottom, 328 to the first level, 340 to the second level and 18 to the platform elevator at the second level. When exiting the elevator on the third level there are 15 steps to ascend to the upper observation platform. Number of steps printed periodically on the side of the stairs to give an indication of the ascent. Most of the ascent to the scene directly beneath and around the tower although short steps many closed.

Maintenance of the tower includes applying 50 to 60 tonnes of paint every seven years to protect it from rust. To maintain the appearance of the visitors below, three different colors used on the tower, with a dark color on the bottom and the lightest on top. Paint color changed; the tower is painted brownish-gray. On the first floor there are interactive consoles for the color to the next painting. Architect of the Eiffel Tower are Emile Nouguier, Maurice Koechlin and Stephen Sauvestre.

History

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Construction of the Eiffel Tower in July 1888.

This structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance to Exposition Universelle, the World Exposition that celebrated the French Revolution a century. Actually planning to build the Eiffel tower in Barcelona, for the 1888 Universal Exposition, but the responsible parties in Barcelona city hall thought strange and expensive, and does not fit the city. After the rejection of Plan Barcelona, Eiffel send the draft to the party responsible for the Universal Exposition in Paris, where he built his tower a year later, in 1889. The tower was inaugurated on March 31, 1889, and opened on 6 May. Three hundred workers joined together 18,083 Embedded metal parts (pure form of structural iron), using two and a half million of nails, in the form of structural by Maurice Koechlin. Risk of accidents is very large, to the modern skyscrapers the tower is unusually open without the middle level except for two platforms. However, because Eiffel took caution, including the use of moving pulley block, track and display aids, only one person who died.

The tower is a different criticism from the public when it was constructed, called it disturbing eyes. Daily newspapers are filled with letters of criticism from the art community in Paris. One of them included in the publication of the U.S. Government Publishing Office of William Watson of the Paris Universal Exposition: Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Architecture 1892. "And for twenty years we have seen, runs through the town, still lived by people centuries genius, we see a black shadowy expanse of black columns, built of iron spikes." The signing of this letter include Messonier , Gounod, Garnier, Gerome, Bougeureau, and Dumas.

Author of the novel [(Guy de Maupassant]] - who hate the tower - had lunch at the Tower restaurant every day. When asked why, he replied that it was the only place in Paris where we can not see the Tower. Today, still regarded as a prominent part of the building arts.

Cliché one Hollywood film has the look of a Parisian window always showed tower. In fact, since the building height restriction in Paris to 7 levels, only a few high-rise buildings that have a clear view of the tower.

Eiffel tower have permission to stand for 20 years, which means that must be dismantled in 1909, when ownership transferred to the City of Paris. City has plans meruntuhkannya (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower that easily demolished) but after this tower brings proven benefit in terms of communications, the tower was left standing after the permit expires. Military use it to set the cab on the front lines of Paris during the First Battle of the Marne, and the battle was a victory monument.

Shape of the tower

When the tower was built many people were surprised with a challenging form. Eiffel was criticized for the design and forced to try to design something artsy, or no art from the side view, with no desire to build. Eiffel and his engineers, known as a bridge builder, to understand the interests of wind power and know that they will build the world's tallest structure they must match the wind. In an interview reported the newspaper Le Temps, Eiffel said:
"Now for what I give the main reason for its design? The tower is windproof. Okay! I certify that the curvature of four external side of the tower, as mathematical calculation (...) will give a good view of the strength and beauty, and gives the impression to anyone who saw the overall sophistication of design. "

-Translated from the French newspaper Le Temps on February 14, 1887

The shape of the tower had previously been expressed by mathematical calculation windproof. Several theories have been proposed calculations for years, most recently the nonlinear integral equation is different based on the balancing of wind pressure from any side of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that time. Exponential shape. Plot dangerous in the arch of the tower, featuring two different exponents, the bottom has a strong defense against the wind.

Installation
Since the early 20th century, this tower has been used for radio transmissions. Until the 1950s, a collection of wires extending from the tower until the meeting ends on Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. They are connected by long wave transmitters in small bunkers; in 1909, an underground radio center was built near the permanent south pillar and still exists today. [Citation needed] On 20 November 1913, Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, sends a signal without cable with the Observation Center United States Navy, which uses an antenna in Arlington, Virginia. Object transmission to measure the difference of longitude between Paris and Washington, DC

The tower has two restaurants: Altitude 95, on the first level (95 m, 311 feet above sea level), and Jules Verne, an expensive gastronomical restaurant on the second level, with a special elevator. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. In January 2007, a chef with many Michelin star Alain Ducasse was brought to the Tower to run Jules Verne.

Top observation deck, with a height of 275 meters, is the highest area of architectural structures in the European Union, which was opened to the public. [Citation needed]

Passenger elevator from ground level to the first level and operated by the towing cable which is run by a big piston-powered water. When he climbed the arch, ride the elevator cabin a bit, but with a surprise up every few seconds, to maintain equal levels. Development elevator shown and opened to the public in a museum in one of the four pillars of the tower.

Events
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Eiffel Tower lightning June 3, 1902, at 9:20 tonight
The Eiffel Tower as a billboard for Citroën from 1925 until 1934.

* On 10 September 1889, Thomas Edison visited the tower. He signed the guest book with the following message -

"To Tn. Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of modern architecture and original from someone who gives great appreciation for all Engineers, including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison. "

* In 1902, the tower was struck by lightning (see photo at right). Peak height of 100 m (330 ft) to be rebuilt and the lights illuminating the tower immediately replaced.
* Father Theodor Wulf in 1910 observed that emit energy emitted at the top and bottom of the tower, find the top more than expected, and initiated what is now called cosmic rays.
* On February 4, 1912, Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping 60 feet from the first deck of Eiffel tower with a homemade parachute.
* In 1925, artist Victor Lustig "sold" the tower is as old iron.
* In 1930, the tower lost his title as the world's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building was completed in New York City.
* From 1925 until 1934, a billboard for Citroën meet three of the four sides of the tower, making it the tallest billboard in the world at that time.
* Before the Nazi occupation of Paris in 1940, the elevator cable was cut by the French so that Adolf Hitler had to climb the stairs to the top. The parts to fix it impossible to obtain because of the war. In 1940 Nazi soldiers had to climb up to fly the swastika, but the flag was so large that the wind a few hours later, and replaced by a little. When visiting Paris, Hitler chose was under. It is said that Hitler had mastered French, not the Eiffel Tower. A French measure the tower during the German occupation to the French flag. In August 1944, when the Allies approached Paris, Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris, demolish the tower along with the entire city. Von Choltitz refused the order. Elevator tower working normally a few hours after the Liberation of Paris.
* On January 3, 1956, fires scorch the top of the tower.
* In 1957, the radio antenna is added on top.
* In the 1980s, an old restaurant and demolished the foundations of iron; bought and rebuilt in St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans, Louisiana, by entrepreneurs John Onorio and Daniel Bonnot, called the Tour Eiffel Restaurant, better known as the Red Room. This restaurant made back than 11,000 parts across the Atlantic in a cargo container 40 feet (12 m).
* On March 31, 1984, Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza through the arches under the tower.
* In the movie action / adventure of James Bond in 1985 A View to a Kill, Sir Roger Moore as James Bond after May Day played by actress Grace Jones at the Eiffel Tower. He parachute from the structure to escape. Video movie theme song, sung by Duran Duran, also included several scenes band singing in the tower which clashed with scenes from the film. 20 years earlier, Bond film Thunderball (1985) shows the tower when the Largo, played by Adolfo Celi, parked outside Specter's office in Paris.
* On July 14, 1995, Bastille Day, France sintesiser musician Jean Michel Jarre performed Concert for Concern in the tower without the assistance of UNESCO. This free concert is visited by 1.5 million people, meet the Champ-de-Mars. The concert and light show projected effects on the tower, and a huge fireworks outside. 3 years later, he returned the same place for other music events, Electronic Night.
* In the New Year 2000 celebrations, the Eiffel Tower of Paris held a Millennium celebration. Fireworks were fired from the entire length of the tower in a spectacular performance. An exhibition at the cafeteria on the first level was also celebrated.
* In 2000, the lights flicker and four high-powered beacon mounted on the tower. Since then the light show has become a daily event every night. Beacon atop the tower make it a beacon towers in the night sky of Paris.
* The tower was receiving guests to 200,000,000 in 2002.
* At 19:20 on July 22, 2003, fire broke out at the top of the tower in preparation for the broadcast. The entire tower emptied; after fire under control 40 minutes, and there are no reports of injuries.
* Since 2004, the Eiffel Tower has made the ski field on the first ice during the winter.

72 names

Gustave Eiffel tower was captured in seventy-two names of scientists, engineers and other French celebrities. The names were removed in the early 20th century but the original is returned in 1986-1987 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company contracted to operate business related to the Tower.

Image copyright claims
Figure tower has long been public domain, but, in 2003 SNTE (Société nouvelle d'exploitation de la tour Eiffel) installed a new lighting in the tower. This effect is aimed at making the other night pictures of the tower and its lighting performance under copyright. As a result, no longer allowed to distribute photographs of the tower at night without permission in some countries.

The provision is controversial copyright. Director of Documentation for SNTE, Stéphane Dieu, commented in January 2005, "It is only intended to maintain the commercial use of images, so that is not used in ways that we do not approve of." But, also may have the effect of prohibiting tourist photographs of the tower at night is spread also spread the image that does not aim for profit and semi-commercial to the tower.

In the latest decision, the Court of Cassation stated that copyright can not be claimed against the image that includes a copyrighted building if the photograph covers a larger area. This indicates that SNTE can not claim a copyright on photographs of Paris that includes the appearance of the tower.

In some jurisdictions, this claim of copyright is not allowed. On the copyright laws of the Republic of Ireland, the work "done on permanent public places or places open to the public" can be inserted freely in the visual reproduction.